![]() Advances in protein design now enable the creation of new proteins with precisely specified structures, and in previous work, we showed that lattice-matched interactions between arrays of carboxylate side chains on a designed protein surface and pre-formed mica crystals direct formation of precise protein–mica assemblies 37. In further support of this concept, the structures of ice-binding proteins contain surfaces with an epitaxial-like lattice matching the ice lattice 35, which enables modulation of ice formation by binding ice nuclei through preorganized ice-like waters, and ferritin has been shown to organize iron clusters on its interior surface 36. ![]() Stereochemical-matched self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) 32 modulate the nucleation of CaCO 3, suggesting that geometric lattice matching may provide a general route to controlling mineralization 3, 4, 33, 34. CaCO 3 growth modification and localization of nucleation have been explored with short unstructured CaCO 3 binding peptides genetically fused to proteins immobilized on a surface and with post-translational modified proteins 30, 31, but in such systems, it is difficult to structurally define the protein-mineral interface. Additives including small organic molecules 23, 24, 25, polymers 26, amino acids 27, and peptides 28, 29 affect CaCO 3 crystallization but have not been shown to template nucleation. ![]() For example, natural proteins nucleate specific calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) polymorphs 10, 11, 17, 18, 19, but none have known stable tertiary structures and many are intrinsically disordered or insoluble 20, 21, 22. The sequences of native biomineral-associated proteins and their effects on mineralization are well characterized for some systems 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 but the three-dimensional structures of the protein-mineral interfaces are largely unknown. Organisms generate biominerals such as nacre, shell, bone, and tooth 1, 2 by controlling the nucleation, growth, and assembly of inorganic crystals 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Thus, bio-mineralization can be programmed using de novo protein design, providing a route to next-generation hybrid materials. We find further that nanocrystal size and polymorph can be tuned by varying the length and surface chemistry of the designed protein templates. These protein-stabilized nanocrystals then assemble by oriented attachment into calcite mesocrystals. To test this hypothesis, we design helical repeat proteins (DHRs) displaying regularly spaced carboxylate arrays on their surfaces and find that both protein monomers and protein-Ca 2+ supramolecular assemblies directly nucleate nano-calcite with non-natural faces while vaterite, which forms first in the absence of the proteins, is bypassed. We hypothesized that heterogeneous nucleation of calcium carbonate could be achieved by a structured flat molecular template that pre-organizes calcium ions on its surface. Biomolecules modulate inorganic crystallization to generate hierarchically structured biominerals, but the atomic structure of the organic-inorganic interfaces that regulate mineralization remain largely unknown. Born Haber cycle for the formation of CaCl 2.Born Haber cycle is an approach to analyzing reaction energies.Empirically we cannot calculate the lattice energy but it can be measured using electrostatics or the Born Haber cycle.Born-Haber cycle is the cycle in which a change in enthalpy leads to the formation of Ionic compounds from the elemental atoms and the enthalpy of formation of solid compounds so that the net enthalpy becomes zero.The lattice energy of Calcium chloride CaCl 2 is - 2195. ![]() Calcium chloride has cation Ca 2 + and two anions of Chlorine Cl.Lattice energy is defined as the energy released during the conversion of gaseous ions into their corresponding solid ions.JEE Main 2022 Question Paper Live Discussion.Difference Between Selling And Marketing.TS Grewal Solutions Class 11 Accountancy.TS Grewal Solutions Class 12 Accountancy.CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12.CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10.NCERT Solutions For Class 6 Social Science.NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science.NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science.
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